Our intellectual heritage for thousands of years, most strongly developed in the past few hundred Our intellectual heritage for thousands of years, most strongly developed in the past few hundred years of science, has been to see ourselves as separate from the rest of nature, to convince ourselves we see it objectively -- at a distance from ourselves -- and to perceive, or at least model it, as a vast mechanism.
This objective mechanical worldview was founded in ancient Greece when philosophers divided into two schools of thought about the world. One school held that all nature, including humans, was alive and self-creative, ever making order from disorder. The other held that the `real' world could be known only through pure reason, not through direct experience, and was God's geometric creation, permanently mechanical and perfect behind our illusion of its disorder.
This mechanical/religious worldview superseded the older one of living nature to become the foundation of the whole Western worldview up to the present.
Philosophers such as Pythagoras, Parmenides, and Plato were thus the founding fathers of our mechanical worldview, though Galileo, Descartes, and other men of the Renaissance translated it into the scientific and technological enterprise that has dominated human experience ever since.
What if things had gone the other way? What if Thales, Anaximander, and Heraclitus, the organic philosophers who saw all the cosmos as alive, had won the day back in that ancient Greek debate?
What if Galileo, as he experimented with both telescope and microscope, had used the latter to seek evidence for Anaximander's theory of biological evolution here on Earth, rather than looking to the skies for confirmation of Aristarchus's celestial mechanics? In other words, what if modern science and our view of human society had evolved from organic biology rather than from mechanical physics?
I couldn't say. We must here make a clear distinction between belief and faith, because, in general practice, belief has come to mean a state of mind which is almost the opposite of faith. Belief, as I use the word here, is the insistence that the truth is what one would “lief” or wish it to be. The believer will open his mind to the truth on the condition that it fits in with his preconceived ideas and wishes. Faith, on the other hand, is an unreserved opening of the mind to the truth, whatever it may turn out to be. Faith has no preconceptions; it is a plunge into the unknown. Belief clings, but faith lets go. In this sense of the word, faith is the essential virtue of science, and likewise of any religion that is not self-deception.
There is one simple way to explain Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Black Holes, Quantum Entanglement, and the Hot Big Bang, and that is to "think outside of the speed of light box."
An Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis
What if our Universe exists as a subset of a much larger entity called, "Apeiron," that was hypothesized by the ancient Greek philosopher, Anaximander?
A modern definition of the Apeiron:
The ultimate foundational indivisible, but differentiable, substructure substance of the Cosmos was named by the Greek philosopher Anaximander to be Apeiron.
Our Relativistic Quantum Universe is a subset of the Apeiron that came into existence when there occurred a “deceleration event” that fixed a small quantity of the Apeiron into the Bosons and Fermions where their vibration/oscillation wave frequency speed cannot exceed the speed of light. The “deceleration event” also resulted in our Universe being defined with a spacetime where Bosons and Fermions cannot travel across the Universe at speeds faster than the speed of light. The spacetime and Bosons and Fermions of our Universe are all manifestations and differentiations of the one all-encompassing Apeiron, and not divisible from the Apeiron. The Apeiron is not limited to any wave frequency speed. Entangled particles exist within the Apeiron that encompasses the entire Cosmos, and therefore when one particle is decohered and its quantum numbers are defined, then the other particle’s quantum numbers are also instantly defined.
What if Black Holes are where the wave frequency speed of Visible Matter is accelerated to faster than the speed of light transforming the Visible Matter back into the Apeiron causing the Expansion of the Universe?
An analogy would be the contraction and expansion of water when water freezes and melts.
What if some 13.8 billion years ago, two massive Black Holes from a previous Universe merged causing a "deceleration event" where the wave frequency speed of a small quantity of Apeiron was decelerated down to the speed of light transforming that small quantity of Apeiron into the Bosons and Fermions and spacetime of our current Universe?
What if during the "deceleration event" a greater quantity of Apeiron had its wave frequency speed decelerated down to a speed that was faster than the speed of light, and that Apeiron is the Dark Matter of our Universe?
The Dark Matter and Visible Matter of our Universe are still manifestations of the one indivisible Apeiron, and subsequently the Dark Matter affects the Visible Matter by clumping it into Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters.
What if the "deceleration event" was the Inflation of our Universe?
What if the Bosons and Fermions possess Wave-Particle Duality because they are just differentiated entities of the one all-encompassing indivisible Apeiron that decoheres into particles when observed/measured?
This explanation of the difference between Quantum Entanglement and Human Twins would be good subject matter for a future book.
Me to Grok xAI: It seems to me like Quantum Entanglement is no different than two identical twins being separated before a full nine-month gestation, and then after separation discovering that both twins possess the same physical traits.
Grok xAI Response: Your analogy comparing quantum entanglement to identical twins separated before birth and later found to share the same physical traits is an interesting way to conceptualize the phenomenon, but it captures only part of the story while missing some key distinctions. Let me break it down to clarify where the analogy holds and where it diverges, addressing the essence of quantum entanglement.
Where the Analogy Works
Your analogy nicely highlights the idea of a pre-existing connection. Identical twins share the same DNA from the moment they split from a single fertilized egg, so their physical traits (like eye color or height) are correlated from the start, and discovering those traits later simply reveals what was already determined. Similarly, in quantum entanglement:
• Two particles, like photons or electrons, are created or interact in a way that their quantum states (e.g., spin, polarization) are linked in a single, shared wave function.
• When separated, they retain this correlation, and measuring one particle’s property (e.g., spin up) instantly tells you the other’s (e.g., spin down), much like checking one twin’s eye color predicts the other’s.
• The correlation is “set” at the moment of entanglement, just as twins’ traits are set by their shared DNA.
This makes the analogy a good starting point for understanding that entanglement involves a deep, pre-established relationship between particles, revealed upon measurement.
Where the Analogy Breaks Down
Quantum entanglement, however, has unique features that go beyond classical correlations like those of twins, due to the fundamentally non-classical nature of quantum mechanics. Here are the key differences:
1 Superposition and Indeterminacy:
◦ Unlike twins, whose traits are fixed at conception, entangled particles exist in a superposition of states before measurement. For example, if two electrons are entangled with opposite spins, neither has a definite spin (up or down) until one is measured. The wave function describes all possible outcomes simultaneously, and only upon measurement does one particle “collapse” to a definite state (say, spin up), instantly fixing the other as spin down.
◦ Twins’ traits, like blue eyes, are already determined, even if you don’t observe them yet. Entangled particles have no definite state until measured, which is a hallmark of quantum mechanics.
2 Nonlocality and Instantaneous Correlation:
◦ The twin analogy suggests a classical correlation where traits are preset and simply revealed later. In entanglement, the correlation appears to happen instantaneously, even across vast distances (e.g., kilometers or theoretically light-years), with no time for a signal to travel between particles. Experiments like those by Alain Aspect (1982) and Delft University (2015) show this “spooky action at a distance,” violating Bell’s inequalities, which test whether classical preset correlations (like twins’ DNA) could explain the results.03
◦ This nonlocality doesn’t mean information travels faster than light (as that’s forbidden by relativity), but the correlations defy classical intuition about independent objects.
3 Measurement Dependence:
◦ With twins, traits like eye color exist independently of how or when you observe them. In entanglement, the act of measurement itself defines the state. For instance, if you measure one entangled photon’s polarization along a certain angle, the other photon’s polarization instantly aligns with the measurement choice, even if the angle wasn’t decided until after separation. This context-dependence (called contextuality) has no parallel in the twin analogy, where traits are fixed regardless of how you check them.
4 Quantum Interference and Fragility:
◦ Entangled states are delicate and can be disrupted by interaction with the environment (decoherence), unlike the robust, classical traits of twins. Entanglement also allows for quantum interference effects, where the combined state of the particles exhibits wave-like behavior, as seen in experiments like the double-slit setup with entangled photons.6
◦ Twins don’t exhibit such interference; their traits are static and don’t depend on quantum superpositions.
A Refined Analogy
To make the twin analogy closer to entanglement, imagine a pair of magical twins whose traits aren’t fixed at birth but exist in a strange, undecided state. When you measure one twin’s eye color (say, choosing to check if it’s blue or brown), the other twin’s eye color instantly becomes the opposite, no matter how far apart they are, and the specific trait depends on how you chose to measure it. Moreover, until you measure, neither twin has a definite eye color—they’re in a superposition of all possible colors. This captures the indeterminacy, nonlocality, and measurement-dependence of entanglement.
Experimental Evidence Highlighting the Difference
Real experiments show entanglement’s unique nature:
• In the 2015 Delft experiment, entangled electrons were separated by 1.3 km, and their spins were measured in ways that showed correlations stronger than any classical system (like twins) could produce, violating Bell’s inequalities.4
• The 2019 Glasgow experiment imaged entangled photons, showing that measuring one photon’s path or polarization instantly fixed the other’s, with correlations that couldn’t be explained by pre-set traits.6
• At the LHC, entangled top quarks showed spin correlations that emerged only upon measurement, not because they were fixed beforehand like twins’ traits.1
Why It Feels Like Twins but Isn’t
Your analogy feels intuitive because both cases involve correlation: twins share DNA, entangled particles share a quantum state. But entanglement’s correlations are stronger and weirder than classical ones. The twin analogy implies a deterministic, pre-set relationship, while entanglement involves indeterminate states that resolve only upon measurement, with outcomes that depend on the measurement itself and appear coordinated across distances in ways classical physics can’t explain.
If you’d like, I can explore a specific experiment or aspect of entanglement further, or we could tweak the analogy to better capture the quantum weirdness! What do you think?
Who was the first to say "Shut up and calculate!?” N. David Mermin
According to Wikipedia-"...The instrumentalist view is carried by the famous quote of David Mermin, "Shut up and calculate", often misattributed to Richard Feynman..."
“If I were forced to sum up in one sentence what the Copenhagen interpretation says to me,” wrote the physicist David Mermin in 1989, “it would be ‘Shut up and calculate!’” Mermin followed his summary with a quick rejoinder—“But I won’t shut up.” Yet the phrase “shut up and calculate” took on a life of its own after Mermin set it to paper, and rapidly became the catchphrase of the Copenhagen interpretation among physicists. It was misattributed to Richard Feynman, and eventually even Mermin himself forgot where it came from, only to rediscover, years later, that he was the source of the phrase. “Shut up and calculate!” certainly doesn’t sound appealing if you’re not mathematically inclined. But, even if you’re a physicist, what’s the virtue in shutting up and calculating? Mermin himself provided the answer in his 1989 article. “It is a fact about the quantum theory of paramount importance which ought to be emphasized in every popular and semi-popular exposition, that it permits us to calculate measurable quantities with unprecedented precision.” Quantum physics works. The calculations enabled by the theory are astonishing in their range of applicability and the accuracy of their results. Quantum physics tells us how long it will take to heat up your frying pan to cook your eggs and how large a dying white dwarf star can be without collapsing. It reveals the exact shape of the double helix at the core of life, it tells us the age of the immortal cattle on the rock walls at Lascaux, it speaks of atoms split beneath the stone heart of Africa eons before Oppenheimer and the blinding light of Trinity. It predicts with uncanny accuracy the precise darkness of the blackest night. It shows us the history of the universe in a handful of dust. If shutting up is the price of doing these calculations, then pass the ball gag and break out the graph paper. But why is that the price? Why does Copenhagen require that you shut up in order to calculate? For that matter, how does the Copenhagen interpretation allow you to calculate at all? The measurement problem is so centrally tied to the core of quantum physics that, without some answer to the problem, it’s impossible to use the theory. Some interpretation must guide you in the use of the mathematics—and Copenhagen, as we’ve seen many times over, offers no such solution and is not a true interpretation. So how can shutting up allow you to calculate anything? The form of the Copenhagen interpretation usually found in physics textbooks says (explicitly or otherwise) that measurement is a fundamentally different process from any other found in nature and that “measurement” is defined as “any time a large object encounters a small one.” Large objects are simply assumed to obey classical physics, even as quantum physics is presented to the student as a more fundamental theory underpinning classical physics. In short, the student is implicitly asked to accept as part of the basic structure of quantum physics that there are two worlds, the classical and the quantum, just as Bohr taught. Yet, at the same time, they’re being told that quantum physics is the fundamental theory from which classical physics emerges. So quantum physics students are asked to swallow a contradiction: on the one hand, they’re told that the idea of a classical object is logically prior to the idea of quantum physics, since the idea of a classical object is needed in order to figure out when a measurement has happened; but, on the other hand, they’re told that quantum physics is logically prior to classical physics, the latter emerging out of the former. These ideas can’t both be right. And, in practice, the version of the Copenhagen interpretation most commonly found in textbooks and “in the wild” values the first idea over the second. Some objects are just classical, and it’s interaction with those objects that is defined as measurement for the purposes of quantum physics, “solving” the measurement problem well enough to allow calculations to be performed. Certainly most physicists (including yours truly) also believe that quantum physics underpins classical physics, but when actually performing quantum physics calculations, this fact is conveniently forgotten, and some objects are simply treated as exempt from the Schrödinger equation. Hence the desperate need to shut up while calculating.
The Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis and Quantum Field Theory
A Philosophical Science Fiction Story
This is my version of a Creation story to explain how I imagine that our Universe came into existence, how it exists, and how our Universe will eventually cease to exist.
I call this story, “An Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis.”
The ultimate foundational indivisible, but differentiable, substance of the Cosmos was named by the Greek philosopher Anaximander to be Apeiron.
Our Relativistic Quantum Universe is a subset of the Apeiron Cosmos that came into existence when there occurred a “deceleration event” that fixed a small quantity of the Apeiron into the Bosons and Fermions where their vibration/oscillation wave frequency speed cannot exceed the speed of light. The “deceleration event” also resulted in our Universe being defined with a spacetime where Bosons and Fermions cannot travel across the Universe at speeds faster than the speed of light. The spacetime and Bosons and Fermions of our Universe are all manifestations and differentiations of the one all-encompassing Apeiron, and not divisible from the Apeiron. The Apeiron is not limited to any wave frequency speed. Entangled particles exist within the Apeiron that encompasses the entire Cosmos, and therefore when one particle is decohered and its quantum numbers are defined, then the other particle’s quantum numbers are also instantly defined.
[Explain different hypothetical analogies to describe Bosons and Fermions: commingled cloud puffs of swirling and broiling quantum number characteristics, or intertwined strings with each string possessing all of the quantum number characteristics for each particle. The description of the Bosons and Fermions will explain their Wave-Particle Duality.]
The Apeiron is the “Mother of ALL Quantum Fields” that pervades the Cosmos.
Our Universe exists within the larger Cosmos.
Think of Quantum Fields to be like a spherical cloud of crisscrossing grid lines that look like a lattice.
The Hot Big Bang occurred some 13.8 billion years ago when the last two Black Holes from a previous Universe merged. The two Black Holes contained all of the Visible Matter from the previous Universe, but the wave frequency speed of each particle of all of that Visible Matter had been accelerated up to a speed faster than the speed of light, and so all of the Visible Matter of the previous Universe had been transformed into the Dark Matter contained within the last two Black Holes.
A Black Hole is where Visible Matter is transformed into Dark Matter, but the Dark Matter is gravitationally bound inside the Black Hole.
A Black Hole is also where Dark Matter in the Universe is “sucked” into the Black Hole along with the Visible Matter, but the Dark Matter is transformed into Dark Energy, and the Dark Energy can escape the Black Hole back out into the Universe. The escaping Dark Energy from Black Holes is what is causing the Expansion of the Universe.
The transformation of Visible Matter into Dark Matter and Dark Matter into Dark Energy can be thought of as the lattice grid lines of the Quantum Fields being tightened further and further together, and the tightening of lattice grid lines is the accelerating of the wave frequency speed of Matter particles.
When the last two Black Holes of the previous Universe merged together, most of the Dark Matter contained within the two Black Holes was accelerated into Dark Energy, but the merger also resulted in 4.9% of the Dark Matter being decelerated all the way down to the speed of light, and 26.6% of the Dark Matter remaining as Dark Matter, but the merger of the two Black Holes disrupted their gravitational attraction releasing all of the Dark Matter and decelerated Dark Matter back out into the Cosmos.
The transformation of Dark Energy into Dark Matter and Dark Matter into Visible Matter can be thought of as the lattice grid lines of the Quantum Fields being loosened further and further apart, and the loosening of the lattice grid lines is the decelerating of the wave frequency speed of Matter particles.
So, the difference between Dark Energy and Dark Matter and Visible Matter is determined by how tightly together or loosely apart are the grid lines of the lattices of the Quantum Fields.
The gravitational pull of Black Holes is what tightens the grid lines of the lattices of the Quantum Fields resulting in the wave frequency speed of the Visible Matter to be accelerated up to faster than the speed of light into Dark Matter, and the wave frequency speed of Dark Matter is further accelerated up to a speed that transforms the Dark Matter into Dark Energy.
Think of the last two Black Holes as two tightly wound spheres of Quantum Fields, and their merger caused most of the grid lines of the lattices to tighten closer together, but 4.9% of the grid lines of the lattices experienced a type of “bounce back” effect that loosened the grid lines of the lattices, and 26.6% of the grid lines of the lattices to remain unchanged, neither tightened together nor loosened apart.
The deceleration of the 4.9% of Dark Matter down to the speed of the light during the merger of the last two Black Holes of the previous Universe resulted in the quantizing of the Dark Matter into the Visible Matter of Fermions and Bosons, and that deceleration event was the Inflation of the Universe, and the resulting highly condensed Visible Matter into the form of vibrating and oscillating Fermions and Bosons was the tremendous heat of the Hot Big Bang.
What if Black holes are where the Visible Matter of the Universe are accelerated into Dark Matter, and where the already existing Dark Matter of the Universe are accelerated into Dark Energy?
What if the Dark Matter created inside a Black Hole remains gravitationally bound inside the Black Hole, but the Dark Energy being created inside a Black Hole escapes out into the Universe, and that Dark Energy is what is driving the Expansion of the Universe, just like melting ice drives the expansion of the quantity of liquid water?
What if the last two remaining Black Holes consist solely of Dark Matter, and when the last Black Hole consumes the other Black Hole that process results in most of the Dark Matter contained in both Black Holes being accelerated into Dark Energy, but a portion of the last Black Hole collapsing into decelerated Apeiron that initiates a deceleration chain reaction in the shape of an outbound propagating spherical wave of decelerating Apeiron that dissipates as the wave propagates outbound from the center of the last Black Hole?
What if the outbound propagating spherical wave of decelerating Apeiron becomes quantized into the Fermions and Bosons of the Standard Model of Particle Physics when the Apeiron’s wave frequency speed decelerates down to the speed of light, and then as the spherical wave continues to propagate outbounds it dissipates such that the Apeiron doesn’t decelerate all the way down to the speed of light, but down to a speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that Apeiron is the elusive Dark Matter?
If our Universe will cease to exist when the last two Black Holes merge, then is it possible that our Universe came into existence when the last two Black Holes of a previous Universe merged some 13.8 billion years ago?
What if Black Holes are where the Visible Matter of Fermions and Bosons of the Standard Model of Particle Physics is accelerated to have a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light?
What if the merger of the last two Black Holes of a Universe is the impetus that initiates a wave frequency speed deceleration event to occur at an instant of the Apeiron that pervades the Cosmos, and when that instant decelerates down to the speed of light is when that instant of Apeiron becomes quantized, and that deceleration event also initiates a chain reaction of adjoining Apeiron to decelerate down to the speed of light creating an outbound propagating spherical wave of decelerating Apeiron that dissipates the further the wave travels away from the initial instant of deceleration?
What if the outbound propagating spherical wave at first decelerated just 4.9% of the Apeiron down to the speed of light, and that 4.9% of the Apeiron is the Visible Matter of Fermions and Bosons that make up the Standard Model of Particle Physics, but then the propagating wave diminished in intensity and the next 26.6% of the Apeiron decelerated down to a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that 26.6% of the Apeiron is the elusive Dark Matter? Likewise, the next 68.5% of the Apeiron’s wave frequency speed didn’t decelerate down at all, and that portion of the Apeiron is the elusive Dark Energy?
What if the outbound propagating spherical wave of decelerating Apeiron was the Inflation of our Universe, and the initial 4.9% of Apeiron whose wave frequency speed decelerated down to the speed of light becoming quantized into vibrating and oscillating particles was the source of the tremendous heat that made the Big Bang hot?
What if the Black Holes in our Universe is where the Visible Matter of Fermions and Bosons that make up the Standard Model of Particle Physics has its wave frequency speed accelerated to a speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that reformulated Apeiron is causing the Expansion of our Universe just like when ice is reformulated back into liquid causing the expansion of the quantity of water?
The discussion clarifies that in quantum physics, waves and fields are distinct concepts, not interchangeable terms. Waves are phenomena described by differential equations, while fields represent values at every point in space and time, such as temperature or wind. Quantum Field Theory posits that the universe's fundamental components are fields, which can ripple and generate particles, contrasting with the earlier notion of waves as physical entities. The analogy of ocean waves versus the ocean itself illustrates that while they may share a 'substance,' they are fundamentally different. Ultimately, understanding the difference between waves and fields is crucial for grasping the principles of quantum mechanics.
The equation, E=hf, is referred to as the Planck relation or the Planck-Einstein relation. The letter h is named after Planck, as Planck’s constant. Energy (E) is related to this constant h, and to the frequency (f) of the electromagnetic wave.
Electromagnetic Wave Frequency = Speed of Light \ Wavelength
In energy wave theory, Planck’s relation describes the energy of a transverse wave, emitted or absorbed as an electron transitions energy levels in an atom. When an electron is contained within an atom, destructive wave interference between protons in the nucleus and the electron causes destructive waves, resulting in binding energy. This binding energy becomes the energy of a photon that is released when an electron is captured or moves states in an atom. The electron’s vibration causes a transverse wave and the photon’s energy is based on the frequency of this vibration.
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant exactly equal to 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 1 billion kilometres per hour; 700 million miles per hour). It is exact because, by international agreement, a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1⁄299792458 second. The speed of light is the same for all observers, no matter their relative velocity. It is the upper limit for the speed at which information, matter, or energy can travel through space.
Has anyone ever considered that since our Universe is defined by and constrained by the speed of light that maybe Inflation and the Hot Big Bang were the result of a deceleration of some cosmic field or substance (I call it Apeiron) that has a wave frequency speed that is faster, perhaps many times faster, than the speed of light? And what if Black Holes are the acceleration of matter’s quantum wave state back into Apeiron that has a wave frequency speed faster than the speed of light? And what if that “new” Apeiron filling-up the Universe is what is causing the Expansion of our Universe. And what if Dark Matter is Apeiron with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light?
Our Universe exists in a sea of Apeiron (see Anaximander) just like fish exist in a sea of water, and just like water transforms into a solid when its temperature is lowered, likewise the Apeiron becomes quantized and transforms into the Standard Model of Particle Physics when its wave frequency speed is decelerated down to the speed of light.
When the temperature of water decreases, the water transforms into a solid called ice, and that decreases the quantity of liquid water.
When the temperature increases the solid called ice is transformed back into water increasing the quantity of water.
When the Apeiron decelerates down to the speed of light the Apeiron becomes quantized and transforms into solids called “The Standard Model of Particle Physics,” and that decreases the quantity of Apeiron.
When “The Standard Model of Particle Physics” are accelerated and condensed in a Black Hole back into Apeiron, the quantity of Apeiron is increased.
The increase in Apeiron being created in Black Holes is the “substance” that is causing the expansion of the Universe, just like raisin bread dough in an oven expands causing the raisins to spread further apart.
Note: “The Standard Model of Particle Physics” refers to Apeiron whose wave frequency speed has been decelerated down to the speed of light. Black Holes accelerate “The Standard Model of Particle Physics” back into Apeiron with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light.
Since the Cosmology community seems to be stuck trying to define Dark Matter and why our Universe is composed of ≈5% Fermions & Bosons (Normal Matter) and ≈26.8% Dark Matter and ≈68.2% Dark Energy, here's a little "thinking outside of the box" that provides an unexplored new framework that might possibly provide an explanation. I hope you will take a few minutes to give this hypothesis a little consideration.
Before Inflation and the Hot Big Bang there were no photons, there was no light, and there was no "speed of light" limit or constraints.
What if the Cosmos is composed of a "something" that has a wave frequency speed many times faster than the speed of light? Let that "something" be called Apeiron.
What if ≈13.8 billion years ago there occurred a "quantum fluctuation" in the Apeiron field causing an instant of Apeiron to decelerate all the way down to the speed of light resulting in the Apeiron field to be quantized into Fermions and Bosons?
What if that instant of deceleration also initiated a chain reaction of adjoining Apeiron to decelerate down to the speed of light causing an outbound propagating spherical wave leaving behind in its wake a sea of Fermions and Bosons?
What if that outbound propagating spherical wave was the Inflation of our Universe and the resultant sea of vibrating/oscillating Fermions created the heat that made the Big Bang Hot?
What if the outbound propagating spherical wave dissipated in its intensity as it propagated outbound such that the initial deceleration of the Apeiron field was intense enough to decelerate the Apeiron field all the way down to the speed of light, but then the wave intensity dissipated such that further out Apeiron wasn't decelerated all the way down to the speed of light resulting in Apeiron with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that Apeiron is the Dark Matter of our Universe?
What if the Black Holes at the center of Spiral Galaxies is the accelerating and condensing of Normal Matter back into Apeiron with a wave frequency speed faster than the speed of light and that "new" Apeiron is the substance that is causing the Expansion of our Universe and spreading of the Galaxies further apart from one another?
What if the Apeiron is what makes possible quantum entanglement across cosmological distances at speeds faster than the speed of light?
A New Hypothetical Framework for the Origin and Evolution of our Universe
“The (electric field) force will fall off (dissipate) as an inverse-square law, just as in Newtonian gravity.”
“What if the outbound propagating spherical wave dissipated in its intensity as it propagated outbound such that the initial deceleration of the Apeiron field was intense enough to decelerate the Apeiron field down to the speed of light, but then the wave intensity dissipated such that further out Apeiron wasn't decelerated down to the speed of light resulting in Apeiron with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that Apeiron is the Dark Matter?“
A One-Page Summary That Encompasses The Origin and Evolution of Our Universe.
An Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis where the Universe exists within a sea of Apeiron just like fish exist in a sea of water, and just like water transforms into a solid when its temperature is lowered, likewise, the Apeiron becomes quantized and transforms into particles when its wave frequency speed is decelerated down to the speed of light.
Why is our Universe is composed of ≈4.9% Normal Matter and ≈26.8% Dark Matter and ≈68.3% Dark Energy.
Before Inflation and the Hot Big Bang there were no photons, there was no light, and there was no "speed of light" limit.
What if the Cosmos is composed of a "something" that has a wave frequency speed faster than the speed of light? Let that "something" be called Apeiron. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeiron)
What if ≈13.8 billion years ago there occurred a "quantum fluctuation" in the Apeiron field causing an instant of Apeiron to decelerate down to the speed of light resulting in the Apeiron field to be quantized into particles?
What if that instant of deceleration also initiated a chain reaction of adjoining Apeiron to also decelerate down to the speed of light causing an outbound propagating spherical wave leaving behind in its wake a hot sea of vibrating particles (Inflation)?
What if the outbound propagating spherical wave dissipated in its intensity as it propagated outbound such that the initial deceleration of the Apeiron field was intense enough to decelerate the Apeiron field down to the speed of light, but then the wave intensity dissipated such that further out Apeiron wasn't decelerated down to the speed of light resulting in Apeiron with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that Apeiron is the Dark Matter?
What if the Black Holes at the center of Galaxies is the acceleration of Normal Matter back into Apeiron, which is causing the Expansion of the Universe?
Elisabet Sahtouris wrote:
Our intellectual heritage for thousands of years, most strongly developed in the past few hundred Our intellectual heritage for thousands of years, most strongly developed in the past few hundred years of science, has been to see ourselves as separate from the rest of nature, to convince ourselves we see it objectively -- at a distance from ourselves -- and to perceive, or at least model it, as a vast mechanism.
This objective mechanical worldview was founded in ancient Greece when philosophers divided into two schools of thought about the world. One school held that all nature, including humans, was alive and self-creative, ever making order from disorder. The other held that the `real' world could be known only through pure reason, not through direct experience, and was God's geometric creation, permanently mechanical and perfect behind our illusion of its disorder.
This mechanical/religious worldview superseded the older one of living nature to become the foundation of the whole Western worldview up to the present.
Philosophers such as Pythagoras, Parmenides, and Plato were thus the founding fathers of our mechanical worldview, though Galileo, Descartes, and other men of the Renaissance translated it into the scientific and technological enterprise that has dominated human experience ever since.
What if things had gone the other way? What if Thales, Anaximander, and Heraclitus, the organic philosophers who saw all the cosmos as alive, had won the day back in that ancient Greek debate?
What if Galileo, as he experimented with both telescope and microscope, had used the latter to seek evidence for Anaximander's theory of biological evolution here on Earth, rather than looking to the skies for confirmation of Aristarchus's celestial mechanics? In other words, what if modern science and our view of human society had evolved from organic biology rather than from mechanical physics?
Organic biology evolved from chemistry and chemistry evolved from physics.
I believe that all life that has ever existed evolved from one single event.
I couldn't say. We must here make a clear distinction between belief and faith, because, in general practice, belief has come to mean a state of mind which is almost the opposite of faith. Belief, as I use the word here, is the insistence that the truth is what one would “lief” or wish it to be. The believer will open his mind to the truth on the condition that it fits in with his preconceived ideas and wishes. Faith, on the other hand, is an unreserved opening of the mind to the truth, whatever it may turn out to be. Faith has no preconceptions; it is a plunge into the unknown. Belief clings, but faith lets go. In this sense of the word, faith is the essential virtue of science, and likewise of any religion that is not self-deception.
There is one simple way to explain Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Black Holes, Quantum Entanglement, and the Hot Big Bang, and that is to "think outside of the speed of light box."
An Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis
What if our Universe exists as a subset of a much larger entity called, "Apeiron," that was hypothesized by the ancient Greek philosopher, Anaximander?
A modern definition of the Apeiron:
The ultimate foundational indivisible, but differentiable, substructure substance of the Cosmos was named by the Greek philosopher Anaximander to be Apeiron.
Our Relativistic Quantum Universe is a subset of the Apeiron that came into existence when there occurred a “deceleration event” that fixed a small quantity of the Apeiron into the Bosons and Fermions where their vibration/oscillation wave frequency speed cannot exceed the speed of light. The “deceleration event” also resulted in our Universe being defined with a spacetime where Bosons and Fermions cannot travel across the Universe at speeds faster than the speed of light. The spacetime and Bosons and Fermions of our Universe are all manifestations and differentiations of the one all-encompassing Apeiron, and not divisible from the Apeiron. The Apeiron is not limited to any wave frequency speed. Entangled particles exist within the Apeiron that encompasses the entire Cosmos, and therefore when one particle is decohered and its quantum numbers are defined, then the other particle’s quantum numbers are also instantly defined.
What if Black Holes are where the wave frequency speed of Visible Matter is accelerated to faster than the speed of light transforming the Visible Matter back into the Apeiron causing the Expansion of the Universe?
An analogy would be the contraction and expansion of water when water freezes and melts.
What if some 13.8 billion years ago, two massive Black Holes from a previous Universe merged causing a "deceleration event" where the wave frequency speed of a small quantity of Apeiron was decelerated down to the speed of light transforming that small quantity of Apeiron into the Bosons and Fermions and spacetime of our current Universe?
What if during the "deceleration event" a greater quantity of Apeiron had its wave frequency speed decelerated down to a speed that was faster than the speed of light, and that Apeiron is the Dark Matter of our Universe?
The Dark Matter and Visible Matter of our Universe are still manifestations of the one indivisible Apeiron, and subsequently the Dark Matter affects the Visible Matter by clumping it into Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters.
What if the "deceleration event" was the Inflation of our Universe?
What if the Bosons and Fermions possess Wave-Particle Duality because they are just differentiated entities of the one all-encompassing indivisible Apeiron that decoheres into particles when observed/measured?
Physics of the Universe
https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/
Famous double-slit experiment holds up when stripped to its quantum essentials
https://physics.mit.edu/news/famous-double-slit-experiment-holds-up-when-stripped-to-its-quantum-essentials/
https://www.space.com/astronomy/einstein-was-wrong-slightly-about-quantum-physics-new-version-of-the-famous-double-slit-experiment-reveals
New dark matter map reveals cosmic mystery
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57244708
Dark energy may come out of the centre of black holes
https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/interviews/dark-energy-may-come-out-centre-black-holes
This explanation of the difference between Quantum Entanglement and Human Twins would be good subject matter for a future book.
Me to Grok xAI: It seems to me like Quantum Entanglement is no different than two identical twins being separated before a full nine-month gestation, and then after separation discovering that both twins possess the same physical traits.
Grok xAI Response: Your analogy comparing quantum entanglement to identical twins separated before birth and later found to share the same physical traits is an interesting way to conceptualize the phenomenon, but it captures only part of the story while missing some key distinctions. Let me break it down to clarify where the analogy holds and where it diverges, addressing the essence of quantum entanglement.
Where the Analogy Works
Your analogy nicely highlights the idea of a pre-existing connection. Identical twins share the same DNA from the moment they split from a single fertilized egg, so their physical traits (like eye color or height) are correlated from the start, and discovering those traits later simply reveals what was already determined. Similarly, in quantum entanglement:
• Two particles, like photons or electrons, are created or interact in a way that their quantum states (e.g., spin, polarization) are linked in a single, shared wave function.
• When separated, they retain this correlation, and measuring one particle’s property (e.g., spin up) instantly tells you the other’s (e.g., spin down), much like checking one twin’s eye color predicts the other’s.
• The correlation is “set” at the moment of entanglement, just as twins’ traits are set by their shared DNA.
This makes the analogy a good starting point for understanding that entanglement involves a deep, pre-established relationship between particles, revealed upon measurement.
Where the Analogy Breaks Down
Quantum entanglement, however, has unique features that go beyond classical correlations like those of twins, due to the fundamentally non-classical nature of quantum mechanics. Here are the key differences:
1 Superposition and Indeterminacy:
◦ Unlike twins, whose traits are fixed at conception, entangled particles exist in a superposition of states before measurement. For example, if two electrons are entangled with opposite spins, neither has a definite spin (up or down) until one is measured. The wave function describes all possible outcomes simultaneously, and only upon measurement does one particle “collapse” to a definite state (say, spin up), instantly fixing the other as spin down.
◦ Twins’ traits, like blue eyes, are already determined, even if you don’t observe them yet. Entangled particles have no definite state until measured, which is a hallmark of quantum mechanics.
2 Nonlocality and Instantaneous Correlation:
◦ The twin analogy suggests a classical correlation where traits are preset and simply revealed later. In entanglement, the correlation appears to happen instantaneously, even across vast distances (e.g., kilometers or theoretically light-years), with no time for a signal to travel between particles. Experiments like those by Alain Aspect (1982) and Delft University (2015) show this “spooky action at a distance,” violating Bell’s inequalities, which test whether classical preset correlations (like twins’ DNA) could explain the results.03
◦ This nonlocality doesn’t mean information travels faster than light (as that’s forbidden by relativity), but the correlations defy classical intuition about independent objects.
3 Measurement Dependence:
◦ With twins, traits like eye color exist independently of how or when you observe them. In entanglement, the act of measurement itself defines the state. For instance, if you measure one entangled photon’s polarization along a certain angle, the other photon’s polarization instantly aligns with the measurement choice, even if the angle wasn’t decided until after separation. This context-dependence (called contextuality) has no parallel in the twin analogy, where traits are fixed regardless of how you check them.
4 Quantum Interference and Fragility:
◦ Entangled states are delicate and can be disrupted by interaction with the environment (decoherence), unlike the robust, classical traits of twins. Entanglement also allows for quantum interference effects, where the combined state of the particles exhibits wave-like behavior, as seen in experiments like the double-slit setup with entangled photons.6
◦ Twins don’t exhibit such interference; their traits are static and don’t depend on quantum superpositions.
A Refined Analogy
To make the twin analogy closer to entanglement, imagine a pair of magical twins whose traits aren’t fixed at birth but exist in a strange, undecided state. When you measure one twin’s eye color (say, choosing to check if it’s blue or brown), the other twin’s eye color instantly becomes the opposite, no matter how far apart they are, and the specific trait depends on how you chose to measure it. Moreover, until you measure, neither twin has a definite eye color—they’re in a superposition of all possible colors. This captures the indeterminacy, nonlocality, and measurement-dependence of entanglement.
Experimental Evidence Highlighting the Difference
Real experiments show entanglement’s unique nature:
• In the 2015 Delft experiment, entangled electrons were separated by 1.3 km, and their spins were measured in ways that showed correlations stronger than any classical system (like twins) could produce, violating Bell’s inequalities.4
• The 2019 Glasgow experiment imaged entangled photons, showing that measuring one photon’s path or polarization instantly fixed the other’s, with correlations that couldn’t be explained by pre-set traits.6
• At the LHC, entangled top quarks showed spin correlations that emerged only upon measurement, not because they were fixed beforehand like twins’ traits.1
Why It Feels Like Twins but Isn’t
Your analogy feels intuitive because both cases involve correlation: twins share DNA, entangled particles share a quantum state. But entanglement’s correlations are stronger and weirder than classical ones. The twin analogy implies a deterministic, pre-set relationship, while entanglement involves indeterminate states that resolve only upon measurement, with outcomes that depend on the measurement itself and appear coordinated across distances in ways classical physics can’t explain.
If you’d like, I can explore a specific experiment or aspect of entanglement further, or we could tweak the analogy to better capture the quantum weirdness! What do you think?
Who was the first to say "Shut up and calculate!?” N. David Mermin
According to Wikipedia-"...The instrumentalist view is carried by the famous quote of David Mermin, "Shut up and calculate", often misattributed to Richard Feynman..."
https://hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/3615/who-was-the-first-to-say-shut-up-and-calculate
From: What is Real by Adam Becker
Ebook Page 274 of 289
“If I were forced to sum up in one sentence what the Copenhagen interpretation says to me,” wrote the physicist David Mermin in 1989, “it would be ‘Shut up and calculate!’” Mermin followed his summary with a quick rejoinder—“But I won’t shut up.” Yet the phrase “shut up and calculate” took on a life of its own after Mermin set it to paper, and rapidly became the catchphrase of the Copenhagen interpretation among physicists. It was misattributed to Richard Feynman, and eventually even Mermin himself forgot where it came from, only to rediscover, years later, that he was the source of the phrase. “Shut up and calculate!” certainly doesn’t sound appealing if you’re not mathematically inclined. But, even if you’re a physicist, what’s the virtue in shutting up and calculating? Mermin himself provided the answer in his 1989 article. “It is a fact about the quantum theory of paramount importance which ought to be emphasized in every popular and semi-popular exposition, that it permits us to calculate measurable quantities with unprecedented precision.” Quantum physics works. The calculations enabled by the theory are astonishing in their range of applicability and the accuracy of their results. Quantum physics tells us how long it will take to heat up your frying pan to cook your eggs and how large a dying white dwarf star can be without collapsing. It reveals the exact shape of the double helix at the core of life, it tells us the age of the immortal cattle on the rock walls at Lascaux, it speaks of atoms split beneath the stone heart of Africa eons before Oppenheimer and the blinding light of Trinity. It predicts with uncanny accuracy the precise darkness of the blackest night. It shows us the history of the universe in a handful of dust. If shutting up is the price of doing these calculations, then pass the ball gag and break out the graph paper. But why is that the price? Why does Copenhagen require that you shut up in order to calculate? For that matter, how does the Copenhagen interpretation allow you to calculate at all? The measurement problem is so centrally tied to the core of quantum physics that, without some answer to the problem, it’s impossible to use the theory. Some interpretation must guide you in the use of the mathematics—and Copenhagen, as we’ve seen many times over, offers no such solution and is not a true interpretation. So how can shutting up allow you to calculate anything? The form of the Copenhagen interpretation usually found in physics textbooks says (explicitly or otherwise) that measurement is a fundamentally different process from any other found in nature and that “measurement” is defined as “any time a large object encounters a small one.” Large objects are simply assumed to obey classical physics, even as quantum physics is presented to the student as a more fundamental theory underpinning classical physics. In short, the student is implicitly asked to accept as part of the basic structure of quantum physics that there are two worlds, the classical and the quantum, just as Bohr taught. Yet, at the same time, they’re being told that quantum physics is the fundamental theory from which classical physics emerges. So quantum physics students are asked to swallow a contradiction: on the one hand, they’re told that the idea of a classical object is logically prior to the idea of quantum physics, since the idea of a classical object is needed in order to figure out when a measurement has happened; but, on the other hand, they’re told that quantum physics is logically prior to classical physics, the latter emerging out of the former. These ideas can’t both be right. And, in practice, the version of the Copenhagen interpretation most commonly found in textbooks and “in the wild” values the first idea over the second. Some objects are just classical, and it’s interaction with those objects that is defined as measurement for the purposes of quantum physics, “solving” the measurement problem well enough to allow calculations to be performed. Certainly most physicists (including yours truly) also believe that quantum physics underpins classical physics, but when actually performing quantum physics calculations, this fact is conveniently forgotten, and some objects are simply treated as exempt from the Schrödinger equation. Hence the desperate need to shut up while calculating.
A UNIVERSE FROM SOMETHING
The Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis and Quantum Field Theory
A Philosophical Science Fiction Story
This is my version of a Creation story to explain how I imagine that our Universe came into existence, how it exists, and how our Universe will eventually cease to exist.
I call this story, “An Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis.”
The ultimate foundational indivisible, but differentiable, substance of the Cosmos was named by the Greek philosopher Anaximander to be Apeiron.
Our Relativistic Quantum Universe is a subset of the Apeiron Cosmos that came into existence when there occurred a “deceleration event” that fixed a small quantity of the Apeiron into the Bosons and Fermions where their vibration/oscillation wave frequency speed cannot exceed the speed of light. The “deceleration event” also resulted in our Universe being defined with a spacetime where Bosons and Fermions cannot travel across the Universe at speeds faster than the speed of light. The spacetime and Bosons and Fermions of our Universe are all manifestations and differentiations of the one all-encompassing Apeiron, and not divisible from the Apeiron. The Apeiron is not limited to any wave frequency speed. Entangled particles exist within the Apeiron that encompasses the entire Cosmos, and therefore when one particle is decohered and its quantum numbers are defined, then the other particle’s quantum numbers are also instantly defined.
[Explain different hypothetical analogies to describe Bosons and Fermions: commingled cloud puffs of swirling and broiling quantum number characteristics, or intertwined strings with each string possessing all of the quantum number characteristics for each particle. The description of the Bosons and Fermions will explain their Wave-Particle Duality.]
The Apeiron is the “Mother of ALL Quantum Fields” that pervades the Cosmos.
Our Universe exists within the larger Cosmos.
Think of Quantum Fields to be like a spherical cloud of crisscrossing grid lines that look like a lattice.
The Hot Big Bang occurred some 13.8 billion years ago when the last two Black Holes from a previous Universe merged. The two Black Holes contained all of the Visible Matter from the previous Universe, but the wave frequency speed of each particle of all of that Visible Matter had been accelerated up to a speed faster than the speed of light, and so all of the Visible Matter of the previous Universe had been transformed into the Dark Matter contained within the last two Black Holes.
A Black Hole is where Visible Matter is transformed into Dark Matter, but the Dark Matter is gravitationally bound inside the Black Hole.
A Black Hole is also where Dark Matter in the Universe is “sucked” into the Black Hole along with the Visible Matter, but the Dark Matter is transformed into Dark Energy, and the Dark Energy can escape the Black Hole back out into the Universe. The escaping Dark Energy from Black Holes is what is causing the Expansion of the Universe.
The transformation of Visible Matter into Dark Matter and Dark Matter into Dark Energy can be thought of as the lattice grid lines of the Quantum Fields being tightened further and further together, and the tightening of lattice grid lines is the accelerating of the wave frequency speed of Matter particles.
When the last two Black Holes of the previous Universe merged together, most of the Dark Matter contained within the two Black Holes was accelerated into Dark Energy, but the merger also resulted in 4.9% of the Dark Matter being decelerated all the way down to the speed of light, and 26.6% of the Dark Matter remaining as Dark Matter, but the merger of the two Black Holes disrupted their gravitational attraction releasing all of the Dark Matter and decelerated Dark Matter back out into the Cosmos.
The transformation of Dark Energy into Dark Matter and Dark Matter into Visible Matter can be thought of as the lattice grid lines of the Quantum Fields being loosened further and further apart, and the loosening of the lattice grid lines is the decelerating of the wave frequency speed of Matter particles.
So, the difference between Dark Energy and Dark Matter and Visible Matter is determined by how tightly together or loosely apart are the grid lines of the lattices of the Quantum Fields.
The gravitational pull of Black Holes is what tightens the grid lines of the lattices of the Quantum Fields resulting in the wave frequency speed of the Visible Matter to be accelerated up to faster than the speed of light into Dark Matter, and the wave frequency speed of Dark Matter is further accelerated up to a speed that transforms the Dark Matter into Dark Energy.
Think of the last two Black Holes as two tightly wound spheres of Quantum Fields, and their merger caused most of the grid lines of the lattices to tighten closer together, but 4.9% of the grid lines of the lattices experienced a type of “bounce back” effect that loosened the grid lines of the lattices, and 26.6% of the grid lines of the lattices to remain unchanged, neither tightened together nor loosened apart.
The deceleration of the 4.9% of Dark Matter down to the speed of the light during the merger of the last two Black Holes of the previous Universe resulted in the quantizing of the Dark Matter into the Visible Matter of Fermions and Bosons, and that deceleration event was the Inflation of the Universe, and the resulting highly condensed Visible Matter into the form of vibrating and oscillating Fermions and Bosons was the tremendous heat of the Hot Big Bang.
What if Black holes are where the Visible Matter of the Universe are accelerated into Dark Matter, and where the already existing Dark Matter of the Universe are accelerated into Dark Energy?
What if the Dark Matter created inside a Black Hole remains gravitationally bound inside the Black Hole, but the Dark Energy being created inside a Black Hole escapes out into the Universe, and that Dark Energy is what is driving the Expansion of the Universe, just like melting ice drives the expansion of the quantity of liquid water?
What if the last two remaining Black Holes consist solely of Dark Matter, and when the last Black Hole consumes the other Black Hole that process results in most of the Dark Matter contained in both Black Holes being accelerated into Dark Energy, but a portion of the last Black Hole collapsing into decelerated Apeiron that initiates a deceleration chain reaction in the shape of an outbound propagating spherical wave of decelerating Apeiron that dissipates as the wave propagates outbound from the center of the last Black Hole?
What if the outbound propagating spherical wave of decelerating Apeiron becomes quantized into the Fermions and Bosons of the Standard Model of Particle Physics when the Apeiron’s wave frequency speed decelerates down to the speed of light, and then as the spherical wave continues to propagate outbounds it dissipates such that the Apeiron doesn’t decelerate all the way down to the speed of light, but down to a speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that Apeiron is the elusive Dark Matter?
If our Universe will cease to exist when the last two Black Holes merge, then is it possible that our Universe came into existence when the last two Black Holes of a previous Universe merged some 13.8 billion years ago?
What if Black Holes are where the Visible Matter of Fermions and Bosons of the Standard Model of Particle Physics is accelerated to have a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light?
What if the merger of the last two Black Holes of a Universe is the impetus that initiates a wave frequency speed deceleration event to occur at an instant of the Apeiron that pervades the Cosmos, and when that instant decelerates down to the speed of light is when that instant of Apeiron becomes quantized, and that deceleration event also initiates a chain reaction of adjoining Apeiron to decelerate down to the speed of light creating an outbound propagating spherical wave of decelerating Apeiron that dissipates the further the wave travels away from the initial instant of deceleration?
What if the outbound propagating spherical wave at first decelerated just 4.9% of the Apeiron down to the speed of light, and that 4.9% of the Apeiron is the Visible Matter of Fermions and Bosons that make up the Standard Model of Particle Physics, but then the propagating wave diminished in intensity and the next 26.6% of the Apeiron decelerated down to a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that 26.6% of the Apeiron is the elusive Dark Matter? Likewise, the next 68.5% of the Apeiron’s wave frequency speed didn’t decelerate down at all, and that portion of the Apeiron is the elusive Dark Energy?
What if the outbound propagating spherical wave of decelerating Apeiron was the Inflation of our Universe, and the initial 4.9% of Apeiron whose wave frequency speed decelerated down to the speed of light becoming quantized into vibrating and oscillating particles was the source of the tremendous heat that made the Big Bang hot?
What if the Black Holes in our Universe is where the Visible Matter of Fermions and Bosons that make up the Standard Model of Particle Physics has its wave frequency speed accelerated to a speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that reformulated Apeiron is causing the Expansion of our Universe just like when ice is reformulated back into liquid causing the expansion of the quantity of water?
What is the difference between a wave and a field?
Reference: https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/what-is-the-difference-between-a-wave-and-a-field.950778/
The discussion clarifies that in quantum physics, waves and fields are distinct concepts, not interchangeable terms. Waves are phenomena described by differential equations, while fields represent values at every point in space and time, such as temperature or wind. Quantum Field Theory posits that the universe's fundamental components are fields, which can ripple and generate particles, contrasting with the earlier notion of waves as physical entities. The analogy of ocean waves versus the ocean itself illustrates that while they may share a 'substance,' they are fundamentally different. Ultimately, understanding the difference between waves and fields is crucial for grasping the principles of quantum mechanics.
Reference: https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/what-is-the-difference-between-a-wave-and-a-field.950778/
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/what-is-the-difference-between-a-wave-and-a-field.950778/
Planck Constant:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant
- - - - - - - - - -
The equation, E=hf, is referred to as the Planck relation or the Planck-Einstein relation. The letter h is named after Planck, as Planck’s constant. Energy (E) is related to this constant h, and to the frequency (f) of the electromagnetic wave.
Electromagnetic Wave Frequency = Speed of Light \ Wavelength
In energy wave theory, Planck’s relation describes the energy of a transverse wave, emitted or absorbed as an electron transitions energy levels in an atom. When an electron is contained within an atom, destructive wave interference between protons in the nucleus and the electron causes destructive waves, resulting in binding energy. This binding energy becomes the energy of a photon that is released when an electron is captured or moves states in an atom. The electron’s vibration causes a transverse wave and the photon’s energy is based on the frequency of this vibration.
https://energywavetheory.com/equations/ehf/
Planck Constant: Solving for the classical constants in Eq. 1.3.11 for Planck constant yields the accurate numerical value and units.
https://energywavetheory.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Planck-solved.png
Planck Constants:
https://energywavetheory.com/equations/classical-constants/
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant exactly equal to 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 1 billion kilometres per hour; 700 million miles per hour). It is exact because, by international agreement, a metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1⁄299792458 second. The speed of light is the same for all observers, no matter their relative velocity. It is the upper limit for the speed at which information, matter, or energy can travel through space.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light
Sent to Adam Becker contact:
https://freelanceastrophysicist.com/
Has anyone ever considered that since our Universe is defined by and constrained by the speed of light that maybe Inflation and the Hot Big Bang were the result of a deceleration of some cosmic field or substance (I call it Apeiron) that has a wave frequency speed that is faster, perhaps many times faster, than the speed of light? And what if Black Holes are the acceleration of matter’s quantum wave state back into Apeiron that has a wave frequency speed faster than the speed of light? And what if that “new” Apeiron filling-up the Universe is what is causing the Expansion of our Universe. And what if Dark Matter is Apeiron with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light?
https://open.substack.com/pub/william3n4z2/p/a-new-hypothetical-framework-for?r=1kb28q&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web&showWelcomeOnShare=false
What if….
Our Universe exists in a sea of Apeiron (see Anaximander) just like fish exist in a sea of water, and just like water transforms into a solid when its temperature is lowered, likewise the Apeiron becomes quantized and transforms into the Standard Model of Particle Physics when its wave frequency speed is decelerated down to the speed of light.
When the temperature of water decreases, the water transforms into a solid called ice, and that decreases the quantity of liquid water.
When the temperature increases the solid called ice is transformed back into water increasing the quantity of water.
When the Apeiron decelerates down to the speed of light the Apeiron becomes quantized and transforms into solids called “The Standard Model of Particle Physics,” and that decreases the quantity of Apeiron.
When “The Standard Model of Particle Physics” are accelerated and condensed in a Black Hole back into Apeiron, the quantity of Apeiron is increased.
The increase in Apeiron being created in Black Holes is the “substance” that is causing the expansion of the Universe, just like raisin bread dough in an oven expands causing the raisins to spread further apart.
Note: “The Standard Model of Particle Physics” refers to Apeiron whose wave frequency speed has been decelerated down to the speed of light. Black Holes accelerate “The Standard Model of Particle Physics” back into Apeiron with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeiron
Since the Cosmology community seems to be stuck trying to define Dark Matter and why our Universe is composed of ≈5% Fermions & Bosons (Normal Matter) and ≈26.8% Dark Matter and ≈68.2% Dark Energy, here's a little "thinking outside of the box" that provides an unexplored new framework that might possibly provide an explanation. I hope you will take a few minutes to give this hypothesis a little consideration.
Before Inflation and the Hot Big Bang there were no photons, there was no light, and there was no "speed of light" limit or constraints.
What if the Cosmos is composed of a "something" that has a wave frequency speed many times faster than the speed of light? Let that "something" be called Apeiron.
What if ≈13.8 billion years ago there occurred a "quantum fluctuation" in the Apeiron field causing an instant of Apeiron to decelerate all the way down to the speed of light resulting in the Apeiron field to be quantized into Fermions and Bosons?
What if that instant of deceleration also initiated a chain reaction of adjoining Apeiron to decelerate down to the speed of light causing an outbound propagating spherical wave leaving behind in its wake a sea of Fermions and Bosons?
What if that outbound propagating spherical wave was the Inflation of our Universe and the resultant sea of vibrating/oscillating Fermions created the heat that made the Big Bang Hot?
What if the outbound propagating spherical wave dissipated in its intensity as it propagated outbound such that the initial deceleration of the Apeiron field was intense enough to decelerate the Apeiron field all the way down to the speed of light, but then the wave intensity dissipated such that further out Apeiron wasn't decelerated all the way down to the speed of light resulting in Apeiron with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that Apeiron is the Dark Matter of our Universe?
What if the Black Holes at the center of Spiral Galaxies is the accelerating and condensing of Normal Matter back into Apeiron with a wave frequency speed faster than the speed of light and that "new" Apeiron is the substance that is causing the Expansion of our Universe and spreading of the Galaxies further apart from one another?
What if the Apeiron is what makes possible quantum entanglement across cosmological distances at speeds faster than the speed of light?
A New Hypothetical Framework for the Origin and Evolution of our Universe
https://open.substack.com/pub/william3n4z2/p/a-new-hypothetical-framework-for?r=1kb28q&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web&showWelcomeOnShare=false
How The Universe Might Have Come Into Existence
https://open.substack.com/pub/william3n4z2/p/how-the-universe-might-have-come?r=1kb28q&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web&showWelcomeOnShare=false
An Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis
https://open.substack.com/pub/william3n4z2/p/apeiron-cycle-hypothesis-rev-1?r=1kb28q&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web&showWelcomeOnShare=false
From: Quanta and Fields by Sean Carroll
Location 167 of 744 (Kindle ebook)
“The (electric field) force will fall off (dissipate) as an inverse-square law, just as in Newtonian gravity.”
“What if the outbound propagating spherical wave dissipated in its intensity as it propagated outbound such that the initial deceleration of the Apeiron field was intense enough to decelerate the Apeiron field down to the speed of light, but then the wave intensity dissipated such that further out Apeiron wasn't decelerated down to the speed of light resulting in Apeiron with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that Apeiron is the Dark Matter?“
Submitted to Brian Greene at Columbia University.
https://www.briangreene.org/contact/
A One-Page Summary That Encompasses The Origin and Evolution of Our Universe.
An Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis where the Universe exists within a sea of Apeiron just like fish exist in a sea of water, and just like water transforms into a solid when its temperature is lowered, likewise, the Apeiron becomes quantized and transforms into particles when its wave frequency speed is decelerated down to the speed of light.
Why is our Universe is composed of ≈4.9% Normal Matter and ≈26.8% Dark Matter and ≈68.3% Dark Energy.
Before Inflation and the Hot Big Bang there were no photons, there was no light, and there was no "speed of light" limit.
What if the Cosmos is composed of a "something" that has a wave frequency speed faster than the speed of light? Let that "something" be called Apeiron. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeiron)
What if ≈13.8 billion years ago there occurred a "quantum fluctuation" in the Apeiron field causing an instant of Apeiron to decelerate down to the speed of light resulting in the Apeiron field to be quantized into particles?
What if that instant of deceleration also initiated a chain reaction of adjoining Apeiron to also decelerate down to the speed of light causing an outbound propagating spherical wave leaving behind in its wake a hot sea of vibrating particles (Inflation)?
What if the outbound propagating spherical wave dissipated in its intensity as it propagated outbound such that the initial deceleration of the Apeiron field was intense enough to decelerate the Apeiron field down to the speed of light, but then the wave intensity dissipated such that further out Apeiron wasn't decelerated down to the speed of light resulting in Apeiron with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light, and that Apeiron is the Dark Matter?
What if the Black Holes at the center of Galaxies is the acceleration of Normal Matter back into Apeiron, which is causing the Expansion of the Universe?
Evolution of the Universe - Graphic
Expansion of The Universe began with formation of Galaxies.
https://149842070.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/The-Universe-Through-Time-Timeline-Infographic.jpg
https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/060915/060915_CMB_Timeline300.jpg
https://astronuclphysics.info/Gravit5-EvoluceVesmiru.gif
https://www.fizzics.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2-Explaining-the-development-of-the-universe.png
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/1a/be/f4/1abef44e6ca73c9efefdefd3f4bfd603.jpg