A Universe from Something: The Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis as a Philosophical Framework for the Origin, Evolution and Extinction of the Universe

A Universe from Something: The Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis as a Philosophical Framework for the Origin, Evolution and Extinction of the Universe

 

ABSTRACT:

The Universe is limited by the speed of light.  Particles cannot vibrate, oscillate, or spin at speeds faster than the speed of light, and particles cannot move across the Spacetime of the Universe at speeds faster than the speed of light.   This document will make the argument that the Universe came into existence as the result of a “deceleration event” from “something” down to the speed of light, and not as the result of an “acceleration event” from “nothing” up to the speed of light.  Let the “something” be called Apeiron as first conjectured by Anaximander (c. 610–546 BCE), a 6th century pre-Socratic Greek philosopher.  The term Apeiron translates from Greek as “the boundless,” “the indefinite,” or “the unlimited.”  Anaximander proposed that the origin of all things is not a specific element like water, earth, air, or fire, but an eternal, infinite, and indeterminate substance.  I would add to Anaximander’s definition that the Apeiron is an eternal all-encompassing single entity that is indivisible, yet differentiable, and contains within it all the Spacetime and Quantum Fields from which the Universe emerged.  Most significantly, the Apeiron is fluid-like with a wave frequency speed that is faster than the speed of light.  Also, the Apeiron that underlies all Spacetime and Quantum Fields is what makes possible “Wave-Particle Duality” and “Quantum Entanglement,” and supports David Bohm’s “Pilot Wave” and “Quantum Potential” hypothesis.

APEIRON AS THE FABRIC OF THE UNIVERSE:

Let the Apeiron, in Leonhard Euler’s words, be the “Fabric of the Universe” and that fabric is composed of Quantum Fields that comprise Spacetime.  As Frank Wilczek said, “All is Quantum Fields.”

Imagine a block of Apeiron with three axes (x,y,z) where x = right-left and y = forward-backward and z = up-down.  Extending perpendicularly from each axis are regularly spaced gridlines that intersect throughout the block.  Let the block of intersecting gridlines represent the Quantum Fields where each gridline represents a Quantum Number that corresponds to each Fermion and Boson particle.  Now let the spacing between the gridlines represent wave frequency speed such that less space between the gridlines represents faster wave frequency speed.

Apeiron (Dark Energy):  Spacing between the gridlines is at a minimum distance representing a wave frequency speed much faster than the speed of light.

Apeiron (Visible Matter):  Spacing between the gridlines is at a distance that represents a wave frequency speed equal to the speed of light.

Apeiron (Dark Matter):  Spacing between the gridlines is at a distance that represents a wave frequency speed faster than the speed of light, but slower than the wave frequency speed of the Apeiron (Dark Energy).

EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN MASS AND ENERGY AND WAVE FREQUENCY SPEED:

Einstein’s Equation: E = mc^2

Energy (E) is equal to mass (m) multiplied by the speed of light (c) squared.

Planck’s Equation: E = hf

Energy (E) is equal to Planck's constant (h) multiplied by frequency (f).

Wave Equation: v = fλ or f = v/λ

Velocity (v) is equal to frequency (f) multiplied by wavelength (λ) or frequency (f) is equal to velocity (v) divided by wavelength (λ).

Equivalence between mass (m) and Energy (E) and wave frequency speed (v):

mc^2 = E = hf = hv/λ

Although there is no true equivalence between mass and wave frequency speed, I present this equivalency to show that as mass is increased so is Energy, and as Energy is increased so is wave frequency speed.

My argument is that a massive Universe is more likely to emerge as the result of a “deceleration event” from a “something” (Apeiron) that possesses a tremendous amount of Energy in the form of a very fast wave frequency speed, than is a Universe to emerge as the result of an “acceleration event” from a “nothing.”

 A Universe from Something Vs. A Universe from Nothing

 THE HOT BIG BANG AND INFLATION:

Some 13.8 billion years ago there occurred a “deceleration event” at a point in the Apeiron that caused the wave frequency speed at that point to decelerate down to the speed of light, and that “deceleration event” also caused adjoining Apeiron to decelerate in an outbound propagating spherical wave of decelerating Apeiron.

The initial “deceleration even” was so intense that the Apeiron wave frequency speed at first slowed all the way down to the speed of light along with approximately 5 percent of the adjoining Apeiron, but as the spherical wave propagated outbound the “deceleration event” diminished in intensity and decelerated the wave frequency speed of the next approximately 27 percent of the Apeiron down to have a wave frequency speed that was faster than the speed of light, but still slower than the wave frequency speed of the primordial Apeiron.

The “deceleration event” was the Big Bang and the outbound propagating spherical wave of decelerating Apeiron was the Inflation that resulted in the Universe being composed of approximately 5 percent Visible Matter and approximately 27 percent Dark Matter, and the remaining Dark Energy is the primordial Apeiron.

The tremendous heat of the Big Bang was the result of Spacetime and Quantum Fields coming into existence with the “deceleration event” down to the speed of light, and with Spacetime and Quantum Fields all of the particles of the Inflating Universe also came into existence, and it was the motion of all those emerging particles that was the source of the tremendous heat that made the Big Bang hot.

 

DARK MATTER AND GALAXIES AND BLACK HOLES AND DARK ENERGY:

At the center of every Galaxy is a Black Hole, and every Galaxy is contained within a Dark Matter Halo.  As Galaxies merge into Clusters of Galaxies, and as individual Galaxies merge into larger Galaxies, so too do their Black Holes merge, and so too do their Dark Matter Halos merge.

The Cosmologically Coupled Black Holes (CCBH) Hypothesis:

Black Holes as “Engines of Dark Energy” which are driving the Expansion of the Universe.

Kevin Croker and Duncan Farrah, along with collaborators like Michael Kavanagh and Kevin Lake, proposed the “Cosmologically Coupled Black Holes (CCBH)” hypothesis in a series of papers starting around 2020–2021. This idea challenges the standard Lambda-CDM model of cosmology by suggesting a novel interaction between Black Holes and the Universe's Expansion.

Core Idea:

In standard General Relativity, Black Holes are isolated gravitational objects. The CCBH hypothesis posits that Black Holes are “cosmologically coupled,” meaning they exert a tiny repulsive force that scales linearly with the Universe's Expansion rate (Hubble parameter). This coupling effectively makes Black Holes carriers of a dynamic form of Dark Energy.  The hypothesis suggests that Dark Energy isn't a separate field (like quintessence) but emerges from the collective effect of all Black Holes in the Universe. As Black Holes form and merge (e.g., via stellar evolution and galaxy mergers), their total “Dark Energy output” grows, potentially explaining the observed acceleration of cosmic Expansion without fine-tuning.

 

A MODIFIED BLACK HOLE HYPOTHESIS:

As Visible Matter spirals down into a Black Hole it is gradually accelerated in a centrifuge-like process that dissects the Visible Matter into molecules and then atoms and then particles, and by the time the fundamental particles have descended down to the center of the Black Hole, the wave frequency speed of the fundamental particles has been accelerated to a speed faster than the speed of light at which time the fundamental particles are transformed into Dark Energy, which is the primordial Apeiron.

The Dark Energy escapes from the Black Hole as primordial Apeiron, and the escaping Dark Energy is what is driving the Expansion of the Universe, similar to how melting ice adds to the expansion of a volume of liquid water.

The time required for Visible Matter to first enter the Black Hole until it is released from the center as Dark Energy is a very long period.  In the early Universe, when Galaxies and their Black Holes first evolved, there was only a small amount of Visible Matter passing through the centrifuge-like process and being accelerated into Dark Energy (primordial Apeiron).  After billions of years, the process is now transforming ever increasing amounts of Visible Matter into Dark Energy (primordial Apeiron), and that accounts for why the Universe is Expanding at an accelerated rate.

THE APEIRON CYCLE HYPOTHESIS:

As the Dark Matter Halos and Galaxies and Black Holes merge, eventually all the Visible Matter will be transformed into Dark Energy.  Visible Matter is actually an excitation of the Quantum Fields in Spacetime and as Visible Matter descends into a Black Hole it is actually the Spacetime and Quantum Fields from which the Visible Matter arose that is descending into the Black Hole.  Once all the Visible Matter has descended into the Black Hole and been accelerated back into the primordial Apeiron, then the Dark Matter Halo will descend into the Black Hole and be accelerated back into the primordial Apeiron.  Lastly, the Black Hole will collapse in on itself transforming the last of Spacetime and Quantum Fields back into the primordial Apeiron.

The current epoch in which the Universe exists is a time when the many galaxies spread throughout the Universe are transforming ever greater quantities of Visible Matter into Dark Energy which is driving the accelerated Expansion of the Universe, but at the same time, the Spacetime and Quantum Fields from which the Visible Matter arose is being decreased as it enters the Black Holes at the center of every Galaxy.

The Apeiron (Dark Energy) is expanding while Spacetime and Quantum Fields are contracting.\\

The massive quantity of Visible Matter (Spacetime and Quantum Fields) spread throughout the Universe is diminishing, but the contraction is not perceptible due to the merging and clumping of Galaxies and their Dark Matter Halos into larger super clusters of Galaxies and their larger Dark Matter Halos.  Eventually, at some time in the distant future, after sufficient Visible Matter (Spacetime and Quantum Fields) has descended into Black Holes and been transformed into Dark Energy (Apeiron), the gravitational pull of the Dark Matter Halos enshrouding the merging Super Clusters of Galaxies will begin to collapse into just one Galaxy with just one Black Hole at its center.  Finally, the last Dark Matter Halo will descend into the last Black Hole and what was once a Universe of Spacetime and Quantum Fields will have been transformed completely back into the primordial Apeiron.

In this “Apeiron Cycle Hypothesis” the collapse of the last Black Hole will be intense enough to initiate a “deceleration event” at the point of final collapse and that decelerated Apeiron will initiate an outbound propagating wave of adjoining Apeiron to decelerate down to the speed of light.  As the wave propagates further away from the initial “deceleration event” point it will dissipate in intensity, and that “deceleration event” will be the Big Bang and Inflation of a new Universe.

 

WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY AND QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT:

Since the Apeiron is an eternal all-encompassing single entity that is indivisible, yet differentiable, and contains within it all the Spacetime and Quantum Fields from which our Universe emerged, then all particles throughout the Universe are always connected through the Apeiron.

 If you think of the Apeiron as a fluid like the ocean, and particles are excitations in the Quantum Fields of Spacetime, which are a “decelerated” subset of the Apeiron, then particles are always in motion as a wave.

When performing the Double Slit Experiment, Apeiron waves of particles will pass through the Double Slits and show a wave-like interference pattern on a distant screen.  Also, many Apeiron waves with just a single particle passing through the Double Slits will add up to show a wave-like interference pattern on a distant screen.

However, if the Apeiron wave is interfered with as the Apeiron wave of particles are passing through the Double Slits, then the Apeiron wave will narrow to the width of the Slits, and the particles will be carried straight through the Slits showing as just two lines on the distant screen.  Also, if the many Apeiron waves are interfered with as the Apeiron waves with just a single particle pass through the Double Slits, then the Apeiron waves will narrow to the width of the Slits and the many single particles will add up to show just two lines on the distant screen.

Since the Apeiron is an eternal all-encompassing single entity that is indivisible, yet differentiable, and contains within it all the Spacetime and Quantum Fields from which our Universe emerged, then all particles throughout the Universe are always connected through the Apeiron.  This connectedness at the primordial Aperion level explains why when two Quantum Entangled particles in superposition are decohered at vast distances across the Universe that their entangled quantum characteristics simultaneously appear.

 

APEIRON AND DAVID BOHM’S PILOT WAVE AND QUANTUM POTENTIAL HYPOTHESIS:

I believe that the Apeiron fulfills David Bohm’s “Pilot Wave” and “Quantum Potential” hypothesis.

David Bohm’s most famous contribution to quantum mechanics is his revival and development of the pilot wave theory, also known as Bohmian mechanics or the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation.  Originally proposed by French physicist Louis de Broglie in the 1920s as a way to reconcile wave-particle duality, the idea was largely abandoned until Bohm independently rediscovered and refined it in 1952 while working in Brazil.  In this hypothesis, quantum particles (like electrons) are not probabilistic entities as in the dominant Copenhagen interpretation, where particles exist in superpositions until measured. Instead, particles have definite positions and trajectories at all times, “riding” on a guiding or “pilot” wave described by the wave function from Schrödinger’s equation.

The pilot wave is a real, physical field that permeates space and evolves deterministically, influencing the particle’s motion through a “quantum potential” that encodes information about the entire system.  This makes the theory nonlocal—changes in one part of the system can instantly affect distant particles via the wave function—explaining phenomena like entanglement without invoking observer-dependent collapse.  Bohmian mechanics reproduces all predictions of standard quantum mechanics but offers a more intuitive, deterministic ontology by treating particles as classical-like objects guided by the wave, much like a surfer rides an ocean wave. However, it introduces “hidden variables” (the precise particle positions, unknown to observers), which Bohm argued resolve quantum paradoxes while maintaining realism. Despite initial dismissal for being “too philosophical” or equivalent to other interpretations, it has gained renewed interest in recent decades for its potential in quantum computing, chaos theory, and experiments testing quantum foundations.

 

APPENDIX:

Use Artificial Intelligence (AI) to retrieve responses to inquiries.

 Recommend the Application: Grok xAI or the Website: https://grok.com/c

1. Lawrence M. Krauss and “A Universe from Nothing: Why There Is Something Rather than Nothing.”

 

2. Anaximander and the Apeiron.

 

3. Leonhard Euler and “The Fabric of the Universe”

 

4. Frank Wilczek and "All is Quantum Fields?"

 

5. Explain what Dark Matter is and how Dark Matter forms Halos around Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies, and how Dark Matter Halos merge when Galaxies merge and when Black Holes merge.

 

6. Explain what Dark Energy is and how Dark Energy causes the Expansion of the Universe.

 

7. Explain what a Black Hole is and how Black Holes are created.

 

8. What happens to matter as it spirals down into a Black Hole?

 

9. Who are Kevin Croker and Duncan Farrah and their Cosmologically Coupled Black Holes (CCBH) hypothesis?

 

10. Explain how the Universe will cease to exist?

 

11. Explain Quantum Field Theory.

 

12. Explain the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

 

13. Explain Quantum Numbers and provide a detailed description of each particle’s Quantum Numbers.

 

14. Explain the relationship between Spacetime and Quantum Fields.

 

15. Explain Wave-Particle Duality.

 

16. Can a single photon pass through the Double Slit Experiment and show a wave-like interference pattern on a distant screen?

 

17. In the Double Slit Experiment, how does interfering with the Double Slits result in the photons passing through the Double Slits show up as just two lines on a distant screen?

 

18. Explain Quantum Entanglement.

 

19. Explain who David Bohm was and his hypothesis that particles ride on pilot waves.

 

20. Explain David Bohm’s quantum potential hypothesis and how it explains quantum entanglement.

 

21. Explain “walking droplet” experiments in fluid dynamics that mimic pilot-wave behavior.

 

22. It seems to me that Quantum Entanglement is no different than two identical twins being separated before a full nine-month gestation, and then after separation discovering that both twins possess the same physical traits.

 

23. What is a Quantum Fluctuation and how did it cause a Singularity to evolve into the Big Bang?

 

24. Explain the evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang and Inflation to present.

 

25. Explain the Theory of Relativity, including Special Relativity and General Relativity.

 

26. Explain the frequency and speed and wavelength equation.

 

27. Explain Planck's Relation (Energy-Frequency Equation).

 

28. Explain how the motion of a particle creates heat.